Corruption And Graft Essays - Gilded Age, U.S. Steel,

Corruption and Graft Following Reconstruction in the war torn South, and the Sioux Wars in the West, America was enjoying an industrialization period unlike any other. Nearly gone was the frontier, industries coming in, with men gaining unheard of wealth, and having leverage in many affairs. With the Robber Barons in control over the nation's economy, and men like Oakes Ames, Leland Stanford, and William Boss Tweed, what occurred is that corruption and graft greatly influenced American industry and business between 1860 to 1900. However, labor organizations such as the Knights of Labor and AFL made steps in labor reforms and other government laws attempted to limit monopolies. Undoubtedly, the Robber Barons were the most influential in the corruption of industries during the 1860's to 1900's. The Robber Barons or Captains of Industry consisted of J.P. Morgan, Cornelius Vanderbilt, Jay Gould, Andrew Carnegie, and John Rockefeller. With the aid of graft and bribery, Vanderbilt made his fortune in railroads. Gould was Vanderbilt's fiercest competitor, and with an unwitting President Grant, Jay Gould was able to manipulate the gold market, driving prices down and causing Black Friday (1869) that produced a depression that lasted for years. By the 1890's, many of the railroad lines were near bankruptcy stemming from terrible economic conditions and tough competition. J.P. Morgan, the banker's banker, went in and by 1900, owned half of America's track mileage. Since his friends owned the rest, they were able to set railroad rates in the country, thereby cheating the customer. In another landmark that year, U.S. Steel was born, the first billion-dollar company by anti-union Andrew Carnegie and Morgan. John D. Rockefeller made his cash in the booming oil business. With a group of partners, he started the South Improvement Company. The company was extremely corrupt and soon saw its end. Rockefeller then formed Standard Oil of Cleveland in 1870. The company used sabotage and bribery to get ahead. Rockefeller went on to build a monopoly by issuing trusts and without worrying about breaking anti-monopoly laws. Attempts at reform were and in 1890, Congress passed the Sherman Anti-Trust Act for the purpose of protecting trade against unlawful restraints but the act later proved to lose effectiveness. Moreover, the United States government was embarrassed by scandals in their government. Following the building of the first Transcontinental railroad, Americans were not proud to know that their government was cheated out of millions of dollars by congressman, Oakes Ames, and both the Union Pacific and Central Pacific. After the Credit Mobilier Scandal of 1872, the Whiskey Ring Scandal reached the White House and as did the corruption in the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Under Grant's administration graft and corruption was widespread. Consequently, after experiencing poor working conditions, pay cuts, and other problems, many workers decided to organize and strike to improve their livelihood. While Robber Baron Andrew Carnegie was in Scotland, one of his managers, Henry Frick, induced a strike at Homestead, Pennsylvania. Pinkerton guards were bought in to protect the strikebreakers, after a battle with the guards, twenty people were left dead. This was a vigorous union defeat. In 1886, The Knights of Labor were involved in a strike in Chicago. After strikebreakers were attacked by strikers, police fired at the crowds killing six and wounding more. The following day, several thousand people gathered at Haymarket Square to protest the police activity. A bomb wa later thrown killing seven officers and finally slowly bringing the demise of the Noble Order of The Knights of Labor. However, the American Federation of Labor was later introduced and successfully operated by Samuel Gompers. Accordingly, William Mercy Tweed or Boss came to rule New York City during the 1860's and 1870's. From his outpost at Tammany Hall, a Democratic political machine, he gained control by getting votes repaid from befriended immigrants. In all, Tweed stole about 100 million from New York's treasury. The club's political and economic impact was felt right into the twentieth century. Finally, Robber Barons made ridiculous amounts of cash at the expense of the average worker. Labor organizations were formed and saw some success. After a scandalous Grant administration, other Presidents came and tried to fix the monopoly problem facing the Robber Baron's competitors. Closing the century, Americans look

Inclusion Benefits

Inclusion Benefits Introduction How would it have felt to be isolated from your peers, brothers, and sisters everyday when you were a child? I do not know your answer but I am sure good would not be it. Inclusion involves having the support services brought to the children with disability in the ordinary classrooms, not relegating them into special classes away from the normal children.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Inclusion: Benefits specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is a practice that is gaining momentum in recent times thus begging the question, â€Å"What is making inclusion to be more popular than having special education for the disabled children?† This essay tackles this question, showing the benefits of having an inclusion system as opposed to the special schools for disabled children. Inclusion: What is it? Inclusion in education refers to the process of incorporating children with various disabilities in normal educational classes. Normally, inclusion falls into two categories, either full inclusion or partial inclusion. Partial inclusion involves having the disabled children in a regular class at sometimes and in a special class at other times. On the other hand, full inclusion is having the disabled children in the regular class always. Both forms of inclusion have benefits, which lie into two broad aspects, those for the students with disabilities and those for typical students. It is also important to note that integration is not inclusion; the former mainly involves the physical presence of the disabled child while the latter involves this child being involved in what other members of the class do. Benefits of Inclusion to students with disability One major benefit that a student with disability gains from being in an inclusive classroom is social growth. In a research, disabled children in typical classes developed better social skills and spent most of their time in the field or doing other communal activities as opposed to those in special classes who spent a lot of time in the classes (Katz Mirenda, 2002, p. 15). The argument that they cannot integrate with others due to their disabilities does not hold much water, neither does the assumption that they risk ridicule from the normal students and so develop antisocial tendencies. The integration with typical children is especially more fruitful in cases where the children are introduced to inclusion at an early age. Inclusion at this early age should therefore be encouraged as it helps both sets of children to learn to live with one another encouraging the disabled ones to be more social. Another positive impact that inclusion has on the disabled participants is the boosting of their self-esteem. Children with special needs tend to be very sensitive especially in matters of learning and education (Reid, 2005, p.42).Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help yo u! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Activities in an inclusive class such as circle time create room for all the participants to be appreciated by their colleagues since they encourage mutual understanding. In a special class, a disabled student’s peers may not necessarily recognize his or her effort in such activity and so he or she does not get the appreciation that accompanies such plays. Responses from their peers may increase the chance of disabled children to develop self-concept. Further, the concept of self-esteem even in normal children is dependent on the reaction of other people to what they do which translates to the way they form an opinion about themselves. Boosting disabled children’s self-esteem is important for then they acquire social and emotional independence, which enables the society to reap from the special talents that they possess. Inclusion promotes the growth of engaged behavior among the students with disability. According to Katz and Mirenda, several studies indicate that students with developmental disabilities show a higher level of engagement when learning in an inclusive classroom as opposed to learning in a special class for the disabled (2002, p. 17). This is explained by the observation that when inclusive classes were left without an educator, the members with disability tended to be less alone as they were found with at least one other student (Katz Mirenda, 2002, p. 17). This scenario is plausible given the fact that proximity goes hand in hand with engagement. In addition, another dimension of this argument is that since the most basic way of learning is through sight, the disabled students get to learn on interaction through their peers who are not disabled. Furthermore, there is a great expectation for them to behave in a manner similar to the typical students, which fosters their learning process of living a normal life. According to Katz Mirenda, the opportunity for disable d students to interact with their counterparts without disabilities also produced academic benefits (2002, p. 14). Students with disabilities can acquire the basic communication and common motor skills from their peers without disability through cues, consequences and prompts they are given.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Inclusion: Benefits specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, the idea of expectation replays itself; that is, through the silent expectations from normal children, students with disabilities feel compelled to achieve their own goals of acquiring motor skills as well as communication skills. Benefits of Inclusion to students without disability Inclusion is like a double-edged sword; it benefits both the disabled and the typical students. Surprisingly, it helps the typical students in included classes to improve their social life and future interactions. The key element here is; typical s tudents get to appreciate other people more, through their interaction with the disabled students. Their sensitivity to the needs of others is enhanced through their experiences in class. In return, this experience sets typical students to become leaders later in life, for understanding and appreciating others no matter their status underscores the basic principle of a good leader. Further, including normal students helps them to be more understanding and supportive of the initiatives of other people, an element that might lack in typical students learning exclusively away from their disabled counterparts. A possible counter argument may be that the disabled children have a negative impact on the normal ones. Well, the argument is shallow as experience shows that odd behaviors from the disabled children actually diminish gradually in an inclusive class and do not rub onto the other children. It is important for the society to encourage cooperation between children of various abiliti es; for through this, the society can truly achieve a generation, which upholds tolerance within the societal constructs. Interestingly, studies carried out to investigate the impact of inclusion on able students revealed another interesting observation. They found that â€Å"the presence of students with severe disabilities, even those with challenging behaviors, did not negatively impact the amount of engaged time for typical learners† (Katz Mirenda, 2002, p. 18). Typical students in an inclusive classroom have the duty of giving prompts and facilitating motor and communication skills among the disabled students.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This, it seems has the positive impact on their engagement and hence fosters their academic performance. Contrary to most people’s expectation that disturbances especially from students showing a high level of disability (e.g. shouting in class) would result in a performance drop of the typical students, research proves otherwise. The way forward I hold the view that inclusion is the best option in the education system for students with special demands as long as its implementation follows succinct laid down structures without overlooking the loopholes that come with the whole process. For a successful implementation of the entire process, proper training of the teachers who are to teach in the inclusive classes and provision of supportive devices for the disabled students is paramount. For a teacher in a typical class, it is not good news to change over to an inclusive one. Therefore, collaboration must take place where the two teachers participate in teaching. In the end, e ven the typical class teacher will appreciate and embrace the disabled children. According to Lombardi, inclusion also means provision of specialized services and education outside the normal classroom for a limited period (1999, p. 10). This means that inclusion does not cut cost on the education of those with special needs. The educators therefore have to be prepared to handle any eventualities and embrace chance because change is inevitable if inclusion will be realizable. Conclusion Inclusion is not a revolutionary idea; it should be implemented gradually and properly so that its benefits may be realized. It may present a challenge in its implementation at first, but it benefits everybody in the end. The disabled children gain more confidence, exposure and engagement skills. On the other hand, the typical students learn the art of tolerating others and improve their interpersonal skills, which are important later in life. Even though the inclusion process might prove hard to imp lement, it is a cause worth pursuing for the good of. Reference List Katz, J., Mirenda, P. (2002). Including Students with Developmental Disabilities in General Education Classrooms: Educational Benefits. International Journal of Special Education, 17(2), 14-24. Lombardi, P. (1999). Inclusion: Policy and Practice. Bloomington, Indiana: Phi Delta Kappa Educational Foundation. Reid, G. (2005). Learning Styles and Inclusion. London: Paul Chapman publishing.

Exploring the impact of retail promotion strategy on customer Essay

Exploring the impact of retail promotion strategy on customer behaviour - Essay Example From this research it is clear that the food retail industry is very competitive in the UK with retailers adopting strategies to optimise store performance and increase loyalty. This level of competition is likely to accelerate with recent headlines expressing concern over Tesco’s dominance of the food retail market. This is not a new concern as prior to these reports, the regulating standards body prevented Tesco from acquiring Safeways over fears that the industry would not be competitive. The food retail industry is also one which is characterised by tight profit margins as customers in this industry are constantly on the lookout for value for money in terms of prices offered. This has resulted in food retailers adopting various promotion strategies in a bid to control customer behaviour, and the bulk of the promotion strategies seem to have focussed on loyalty. Other promotion strategies that have been used include blanket couponing and one-to-one marketing. These strategi es have also relied on recording customer shopping behaviour, and the information collected is often used to ascertain what customers’ buy, the frequency with which they buy these products and when they buy it. This information is then used to give the customer coupons or vouchers that are specific to their frequent purchases. Some food retailers like Aldi’s and Lidl’s have not adopted any promotional strategies and instead they have gone for low pricing on the basis that it introduces stable pricing to customers.

Queer community service Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Queer community service - Essay Example Suicide can be regarded as the top reason of death for the youths amid the age of 15-24. According to a statement given by Phoenix Schneider, the program director of The Trevor Project, â€Å"Suicide, especially among high-risk populations such as LGBTQ youth, is a public health crisis. But we are headed in the right direction to prevent this epidemic from spreading by saving lives, building supportive communities and advocating for a more accepting national culture† (PR Newswire Association LLC, â€Å"The Trevor Project Honoured by the American Association of Suicidology†). Once, I came across a friend, who was associated as a volunteer of The Trevor Project. Learning about The Trevor project, I got interested to know more about the organisation and started searching about it in social media. Likewise, I came across the social networking platform of The Trevor Project named as Trevor Space which is an online based community for social networking for the LGBTQ individuals. Subsequently, it was observed that the youth of the country having suicidal tendencies create their own profile and try to connect with the people having the same problem. Moreover, it was observed that Trevor Space ensured that the information provided by them is suitable and friendly for the youth along with being completely factual. Then, I came across The Trevor Project school workshop wherein I got more interested to learn about the program of this workshop. Subsequently, I found out that the school workshop provided a program for Lifeguard Workshop which used organised and age s uitable programme to solve the problems related to identity of gender, language barrier, sexuality and what resulted in the negative thought of younger people. From the observations, I learnt that the curriculum taught the youth to determine the reason for suicidal tendency and depression along with

Death Penalty (Opposing Viewpoint) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Death Penalty (Opposing Viewpoint) - Essay Example The practice of capital punishment is on the other hand supported by many who believe that some acts should carry this punishment so as to set a precedent for the coming generation. This essay would revolve around the support of capital punishment by the individuals who believe that it can be beneficial for the whole society. The Supporters of Capital Punishment hold the view that Bible is a contemporary source of cultural and religious values for most people residing in North America. The Old Testament of the Jews along with the New Testament of Christians speaks in favor of Capital Punishment. Christians who are in support of Capital Punishment give reference to the Old Testament when Noah was called by God and HE said, â€Å"Whoever sheds the blood of a human, by a human shall that person’s blood be shed.† This passage is often cited by believers of Capital Punishment. In Bible God created human in his image. Then human did sin, he was forgiven by the God; human again did sin and was pardoned by the God. The process of God’s forgiveness and reinstatement also lessens the effect of death penalty (Capital Punishment in America: A Balanced Examination 2011). Advocates of Capital Punishment view it as a revenge for awful crimes. Those who support the death sentence declare that it is a uniquely effective punishment that discourages crimes. In Saudi Arabia, for instance the death penalty rate is very high and so the crime rate is very low as compared to other countries. Promoters of Capital Punishment want Governments to execute well and they consider Capital Punishment as an issue of criminal justice policy. If we take up the case of Michael Perry, he was sentenced to death but his partner in crime, Jason Burkett was found guilty of all three murders of Sandra, her son Adam and his friend Jeremy Richardson but, was only sentenced to a life time prison by a narrow jury vote and will come out in 2041 (The Guardian, 2011). Will he be redeemed when he comes out of prison? Probably not; if advocates in opposition of Capital Punishment believe that he can be reformed and brought back to life. It is not possible because a life in prison makes a person suffocated and frustrated. Again, we can blame our Government and law agencies rather than debate over Capital Punishment. Jails are crowded and prisoners are treated so badly that mostly they either commit suicide or kill other prisoners. According to IdahoStatement.com, Paul Blomberg’s daughter was kidnapped, raped and then murdered in 2000. Her name was Samantha Maher and she was only 22 by then. Her father gave testimonies in front of the jury trails and even though there were two sentenced hearings for Darrell Payne, seven years from now; nothing has happened to this man up till now. He was given death penalty twice but due to incompetent law enforcement agencies, nothing has been done to him until today. Being a logical person, can one think he can be redeemed and reformed? Not necessarily. Blomberg now beliefs that Idaho system does not really execute criminals which are on the death row. In 1979, the Idaho death penalty was reinstated but even after that thre e Death Row convicts have been freed and only can have been executed. Out of the 40 people who were sentenced to death have their sentences changed now and are no longer obliged for execution. (Orr 2011) Many supporters of the capital punishment believe that for every person that is sentenced to deat

What is teaching machines

What is teaching machines What is Teaching machines and Adaptive Learning Teaching machine is a device that presents series of problems and provides immediate â€Å"reward† or reinforcement to students when they give the correct answers to the posed questions (Holland, 1960). The first teaching machine was invented by Pressey in 1925. It was a device that asked a single question to the student. If the student knows the answer, he moved to the next question. If not, the question was presented again on the screen until he found the correct answer. This machine allowed students to proceed at their own rate (Skinner, 1958) and recorded their progress (Seattler, 1990). Although this machine was designed for teaching, it was developed against a background of psychological theory (Skinner, 1958). The main disadvantage of this machine was being against the psychological theory. Although he understood that students had different pace, he did not do anything to change it. His device was designed to avoid forgetting. They were testing device, they should be us ed after the some amount of learning had been taken out of somewhere. (Skinner, 1958). The popularity of teaching machines was increased with programmed instruction movement proposed by Skinner (Saettler, 1990). Based on his experiments conducting in laboratory with animals, Skinner propsed an idea that â€Å"by arranging appropriate contingencies of reinforcement, specific forms of behavior can be set up and brought under the control of specific classes of stimuli† (Skinner, 1958).however, the reinforcement have to be given immediately to the students. Because, the delay between the response and reinforcement of a few second reduce the effectiveness of the reinforcement. Moreover, it eliminates the undesirable forms of responses that would be successful in obtaining the right answer (Holland, 1960). It was difficult for teacher to provide reinforcement just after the correct responses were given. Thus some kind of machines was needed to help the teachers. This machine is an attempt to obtain the kind of behavioral control shown possible in the laboratory (Holla nd, 1960). Skinner describes the teaching machine incorporating the following principles of learning; Practice of the correct responses, knowledge of results and reinforcement of the right answer, minumum delay of reinforcement, successive small steps with hints (McKeachie, 1974) Teaching machines brought advantages to the educational environment. First of all, it provided an opportunity for students to study at their own pace (Skinner, 1958).According to Skinner (1960), it inspired the students and gave high degree of competence and confidence. the students were provided buttons in terms of â€Å"guessing†, â€Å"maybe†, â€Å"sure† so by pressing those buttons after giving the answers, they estimated their level of confidence. By this method, they learnt to evaluate their confidence and adopt a useful strategy. Thirdly, unlike the other media such as tv, students were active while they were using teaching machine during their learning process (Skinner, 1960). It was such kind of private tutor which alert students and kept them busy during the learning process (Skinner, 1958). Since it gave immediate feedback, students were able to see where they stood without waiting for an hour test or final examination. Finally, teaching machines prov ided opportunity for teachers to analyze the responses of the students. By this, they see what students understand item by item (Skinner, 1960) Teaching machines also brought some disadvantages to the educational environment. First of all, they were inconvenient and poorly designed (McKeachie, 1974). They were designed in frames that all students had to go through in linear sequence. (Seattler, 1990). The machine was designed in a way that the steps identified by the instructor were taken by students in a prescribed order (Skinner, 1958). And it was assumed that for human being, just being right is the sufficient reinforcement (Holland, 1960). The machine did not motivate the students to go on studying. Teaching machines locked so that neither the students see the correct answer until he responded correctly or altered his answer after he saw the correct answer (Calvin, 1969). For all of these reasons, most of the students found teaching machine boring and destructed their machine. In addition, it was seen that some of the students were unable to pass tests after successfully completing the program (Seattler, 1990). For teach er side, most of teaching machines were not readily portable and required maintenance (Calvin, 1969). Difficult to prepare programs, they are time consuming thus, teacher must be clear what they want to teach at the beginning of the program preparation (Skinner, 1960). Due to these problems, by the late 1960s, the popularity of teaching machines was decreased. Despite its problems, teaching machines had great contribution in educational environment. It revived the early ideas of individualizing instruction. Moreover, it fostered the growth of sounder technology in the development f instructional programs and influenced number of programs in 1960s, 1970s. Finally, it promoted computer assisted instruction and system approach to instruction ( Saettler, 1990). Adaptive learning is a usage of technology to help the students in their learning process (Francois, 2011). It provides content and services to meet individual or group learning needs with improved learning achievement and efficiency (Martine, 2003). Adaptability in learning has became very important issue in educational area. As stated by Nguen and Do, learning environment is complex structure that includes many students who has different characteristics. They physically and mentally are different, so their preferences are various. Thus, adaptation in educational environment is necessity (Nguyen Do, 2008). With the help of technology, the adaptive learning environment have become more efficiently and effectively. Especially, development in computer hardware and software allow creating those kinds of adaptive environments. These computerized learning environments allow immediate feedback and adaptation to students learning curves. These programs pace curses using sophisticated tracking of skill development, instant feedback, and help levels based on mastery of concepts by providing game like interface. (verilen makaleeee) The advantage of adaptive learning environment has taken the educators attention. Especially, e-learning professions have given their attention on adaptive learning and created adaptive e-learning environments. An adaptive e-learning environment is an interactive system that personalizes and adapts elearning content, pedagogical models, and interactions between participants in the environment to meet the individual needs and preferences of users if and when they arise(Stoyanov Kirschner, 2004 ). There are lots of factors to contribute the popularity of adaptive e-learning; the diversity in the access media and modalities that one can effectively utilize today in order to access, manipulate, or collaborate on, educational content or learning activities, alongside with a diversity in the context of use of such technologies, the anticipated proliferation of free educational content. (Paramythis, Loidl-Reisinger, tarihi bul) There are lack of research about adaptive learning. But according to †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ there are lots of opportunities those environment provides both students and teachers. They are cheap and can be given both online or blended form. The order of instruction is defined by the students not instructor. Everyone have different experience so their knowledge and needs are different Especially large classes prevent instructors from deviating much from the syllabus. Adjust course to the student Present every topic, a series of skills and building block concepts. Animation, videos, interactive diagrams and other web based features entered while needed. Interactive tutor help students to master of each skill, give short quizzes, score them, and offer additional help. Software adapt, keep students personal profiles. Students do not move until develop proficiency. Instructor decides the proficiency level. Instructor weight the material Instructors were informed about the students process. Increase motivation Game like enviroment informs what have left to do thus motivate to go on. Research shows students completed the course in shorter , performed better Cons: Few studies conducted to assess the outcomes Research problems: effectiveness of these programs are not done in isolation Researchers examine the effects of multifeatured environment, not isolate one element. Are teaching machines and adaptive learning similar or different things? Teaching machines and adaptive learning are different things although they have similarities. Firstly, both of them aim to help students in their learning process. Furthermore, they acknowledge the fact that students have different pace and it was difficult to adapt traditional classroom environment to the pace of all students. Both of these try to create an environment in which students study at their own pace and be active during the learning process. In addition, both of them keep the students progress and inform the teacher about it. Teacher analyzes their progress and help students to reach the desired goals. The first difference between teaching machine and adaptive learning is their technologies. Teaching machine was designed in 1920s and spread out in 1950 when technology was not advanced as it is now. Thus, teaching machines was not portable and it was difficult to modify it for teachers. Thus teachers had to participate in the design process and decided what he wanted to teach at the beginning. In contrast, systems in adaptive learning creates flexible environment for teachers. They can modify the system based on the needs that may not be predicted at the beginning of the course. The second and the main difference between teaching machine and adaptive learning was the learning theory underlying them. Teachingmachine usesbehavioristapproach whereas adaptive learning is more suitable for constructive approach. Teaching machine was designed for modifying the behaviors of the students. Although teaching machines was designed in 1920s, its usage in educational area was spread out by its modification by Skinner. Skinner designed the teaching machines based on the operant conditioning and its aim was to provide a small unit of information to the students and wanted their response. Since the instructional sequence is so simple, the students hardly make a mistake (Saettler, 1990). Students responded to the questions posed by teaching machines and getting reinforcement, they gained the desired behavior such as pronouncing a word or saying the results of a mathematical equation. There is a logical order in the teaching machine and all of the students have to follow the same path. Although the students are active, the teaching machine decides what question is posed in which order. On the other hand, adaptive learning met the assumptions of constructivism. According to Ertmer and Newby (1993), constructivist learning environment emphasis on learner control and provides opportunities for learner to manipulate information. In addition, the information is presented in a variety of different ways in terms of its order, modes, perspectives etc. Adaptive learning does not aim to change the behavior of the students by giving reinforcement or force them to follow the start at the same where and follow the same path. Instead, an adaptive learning provides a personalized learning environment for each learner, by both adapting presentation and navigation through the course materials (Retalis Papasalouros, 2005). It acknowledges the differences between the students and create learning environment based on these differences. It can dynamically reorganize learning resources in order to achieve specific learning objectives by analyzing learners profile or learning portfolio (Brusilovsky, 2001). It offers opportunity to uniquely address the specific learning goals, prior knowledge and context of a learner so it improves learners satisfaction with the course and motivate them to complete that course (Dagger, Wade, Conlan, 2005). For all of these, adaptive learning systems are beyond the teaching machines. Strengths and weaknesses of technology supported adaptive learning Adaptive learning environment provides opportunities for teacher to apply range of methods. Teacher can either use problem based instruction, case reasoning etc. Moreover, it acknowledges the differences between the students. All students have different experience, background so their needs are different. Adaptive learning aims to recognize these differences and offers personalized learning that is determined based on these differences. Students take the control of their learning process, access the resources appropriate to their needs and study them at their pace. Although the ideas behind the adaptive learning systems are dream of all educators, the implementation of these ideas is difficult. While the idea â€Å"adaptation based on individual differences† is good, it may cause problems if these differences are not identified correctly. Nguyen and Do (2008) states that the system must gather information and data about user and create a user model based on this information. But which information should be gathered? Adaptive systems have to decide this. Moreover, it should decide what to adapt. It has to identify the differences such as background, pre-knowledge about the content, learning style and offers a learning environment to suit these differences. The maintenance of these systems is additional weaknesses of adaptive system. Technological knowledge of the teachers may not adequate to maintain such kind of systems. For this reason, an expert should control the system and intervene if there is any problem. Finally, there is lack of research about the implementation of this system. What it offers and how it accomplishes this should be analyzed and the learning results should be investigated deeply. Moreover, it should be investigated what should be adapted, when and how it should be adapted and what should be kept constant in adaptive learning systems. Suggestions to instructional designers Adaptive learning is just includes system that create an effective and efficient learning environment. So without a good design, it will not help either instructors or students in the learning environment. First of all, the instructional designer should decide which learning theory he will apply in adaptive learning. Based on the learning theory, he needs to identify the overall goals of the course, which method he will use. Moreover, he needs to consider the possible needs of students from different backgrounds experiences and knowledge. To achieve this, he should get knowledge about his students. Since adaptive learning keeps the students progress, the instructor should monitor each students progress and see where they are, what problems they face etc. If adaptive learning is used by different instructor, instructional designer should inform the teacher about the benefits and weaknesses of it. Moreover, it provides guidance and help when needed and support the adaptation process of instructors to use adaptive learning. In addition, these systems are complex and should be designed carefully. There should be multiple modes of presentations; the resources should be prepared for different background information etc. Motivation components eklemeli 1. Learner-led adaptation. Learners should be able to find both what they want to learn and how they want to learn it. 3. Learner self-management. They can see where they are in the curriculum or competence map and what learning task or activity to carry out next, consult course-tracking data, and monitor their learning. They have an opportunity to prebrowse and search for learning content. 5. Learner auditing.learners should have possibilities to test the level of their knowledge and learning styles, and to be able to see their learning results. Discussion 14. Learning communication. This second communication cluster emphasizes interaction between learners and instructors. An LMS should support instructor-learner, instructor instructor, and learner-learner communication. 15. Collaboration. Instructors should be able to use different modes of group discussion and be able to collaborate with learners synchronously on group learning tasks. Experts also emphasize the possibilities of peer learning. 17. Socialization. Experts underline the need for an LMS to provide a social context for learning and professional socialization of learners.

hitchcock :: essays research papers

Suspense   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I think the best example of suspense in Alfred Hitchcock’s films is Psycho. The suspense is built well through the music and the camera angles. I will choose the shower-stabbing scene to demonstrate all these elements, because the scene displays all these elements the best. The music fits the situations and events that take place. The playing of the screeching music when Norman Bates is in the process of stabbing Lila Crane in the shower, just the effect of the music makes this one of the most suspenseful scenes in movies history, at least in my opinion. Also, the camera angle builds the suspense. The angle of her screaming when the man opens the shower, then the cutting off to the knife and then the blood, displays the effects of the camera angles, and without even show the murder. The angle on the knife makes us perceive that she is being stabbed without even seeing it. And the blood makes us assume that she is dead, without even showing the body. He buil ds suspense without showing the specific details of a scene. Plot Twists   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hitchcock uses plot twists in his films to give the viewers the idea that something going on is happening, but in reality, it’s not. For example, in Psycho, Norman Bates’ mother really turners out to be Bates himself. And for Dial M for Murder, the key that was left on the stairs was used to help the detective catch Tony. The Trouble with Harry is that the whole time Harry has died of a heart attack, but we didn’t know that and all the other characters didn’t either. In Rope there really isn’t one. You could say that the two brothers killing David and putting him in that box could be a plot twist. An finally in Vertigo the lady really turning out to be someone else is a plot twist in the movie. Auditory Cues   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The two films that rely on auditory cues are Dial M for Murder and Rope.

Competition Between Companies

For years many companies have struggled to be and to remain the best. To do this they had to go through advertising their products; televisions, radio, internet and sports. This is called competition; the main purpose for this is mainly to attract customers. These procedures can benefit but also be harmful towards the company. Thus brings the main concern of this essay which shall discus both sides of this situation opposing and supporting it. Firstly, brand quality of products sometimes does not matter to consumers; just as long as it is affordable.For instance there are many varieties of brands such as Nike, Adidas, Coca cola and so forth. Yet commercials show all these products and companies do not realize that the price of the product gets higher as the cost of advertising contributes to the products cost thus making it expensive. This leads consumers shopping elsewhere for instance, MARANELLO – Manufacturers of super sports cars have just announced a host of new models, b ut many of them may not reach the showrooms, as the global financial crisis hits a customer segment previously immune to economic downturns. Haupt, 2009: 1) This statement proves that consumers prefer cheaper products than fancy cars as it is too expensive. Furthermore on flexibility; Flexibility means the company’s â€Å"ability to respond to changes† (Stevenson, 2007: 38). These can be seasonal changes; winter, summer or maybe economical changes. Nevertheless they also contribute to the company’s competitiveness thus leads sometimes to price wars. Take for example; Adverse weather conditions could reduce the demand for our products.The sales of our products are influenced to some extent by weather conditions in the markets in which we operate Unusually cold or rainy weather during the summer months may have a temporary effect on the demand for our Products and contribute to lower sales, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations for such p eriods. (Coca cola company, 2009: 6) This explains that during competition companies are very flexible thus should be alert and find ways to be the best thus sometimes lowering the products cost by forty percent as to keep up with the market.This incident shows that companies such as coca cola are overdoing it thus facing a major lose. Moreover on location, during competition companies look for a marketable location. From here they start of by looking at the customer’s convenience; like closest to shop thus less travel expense for consumer. However they don’t look at the side as when location of company is way crowded other customers will shop elsewhere due to less space to park cars and so forth. Furthermore other companies go to famous foreign countries or new location as their products are in demand over there.Yet as foreign companies they must find ways to introduce their production thus using advertisement again. In the end either companies, will lose a lot of pro fit. This same case happened to Toyota according in his writing of Ford outsells GM, Toyota in February sales, J. Ewing (2010: 1) claims that while Toyota and Honda where busy competing in America, another company called Ford which is originally an American car business took over by most recently, during the summer last year 2009. Thus, leaving Toyota to report a record annual net loss of 4. billion, this misfortune of Toyota’s occurred as it did not realize that it was consuming too many expenses hence; contributing to another disadvantage for companies when they compete. However these are true yet if considering another side to this argument, these may show the disadvantages of competition, but the advantages outweighs it as competition actually promotes the brand quality, flexibility and locations. In addition to Brand quality, consumers always buy the best as they believe it is worth the expense as it last for a very long time.Yet how do the consumer know which brand is t he best; simply as companies compete they broadcast the latest shoes, bikes, food and so forth. From here consumers try and differentiate one company after another due to the quality of its product. Take for example Article base (2007) states that Honda and Toyota knows America wants fuel-efficient vehicles. This case made the two companies work hard thus producing a vehicle that gets more and more mile per gallon. It is very expensive but a lot of people are waiting in line to get this product.This example shows that consumers go for the best brand quality no matter what. Another point is Flexibility; companies know that season changes thus consumer’s demands also changes. Therefore Coca cola and Pepsi two competing companies produce besides soft drinks, water, ice tea etc. This was to resolve the problem they faced during seasonal change that their soft drinks coca cola or Pepsi sales decreased; from this solution they remarkably still continued selling and earning profit a s they produced other products which will be essential during that particular season.This is also the advantage of flexibility and competition to a company. Finally is the location, Companies compete for the best location as it ensures the flow of profits, by one; marketable areas such as America are good places to locate business Thus most famous companies are located there for instance Toyota number one and holding fifteen percent of Americans sales. Honda, Nike and Adidas all these companies also go to a marketable location thus becoming the most famous companies in the world.Therefore the competition expenses for good spots to place business is worth it, as it will eventually repay the companies ten times the amount of money it has spent, just like Honda and Toyota which are now leading the world car manufacturing business. In conclusion the advantages of competition between companies when marketing products seems to be much favourable than the disadvantages hence, the practice should continue or be more creative with their competition strategies as the more competitive they are the more flow of profits there will be.

Factor behind the economic and social development of the UAE

Factor behind the economic and social development of the UAE Introduction Economy and Demographics of the UAE MOIA (1) explored that the UAE has demonstrated skyscraping growth connecting its GDP per capita income almost similar to the European leading economy while the oil sector is the prime contributor of economy; however, this country has a population of 4.4 million with a growth rate of 1.52 percent and 0.66% migration rate per annum accounted in 2006. The key features of the demography of the UAE include–Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Factor behind the economic and social development of the UAE specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Here, 75% people are 15-64 years of age group, about 20% people are 14 years and less age group, and about 1% people are older than 65 years; The life expectancy range is 75.7 years in average; The country has an alarming mail female ratio, such as, for 3 million male there are 1.4 million females; The major feature of the demography is t hat there are 20% people local inhabitants, 60% people are migrated from South Asia, and rest 20% people have settled from different Arab states; According to the constitution, UAE is an Islamic country, and 86% people are Muslim, and 14% citizens are other ethic group; among the Muslims, 85% people are Sunni, and 15% inhabitants are Shia (Library of Congress 5-6). However, the following figures show the GDP per capita income and population of the UAE for the last five years Figure 1: GDP per capita income of the UAE Source: Indexmundi (1) Figure 2: Population of the UAEAdvertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Source: Indexmundi (1) Comparison between the Concurrent and Past of UAE The World Economic Forum argued that the concurrent UAE has been going through an extremely higher economic growth due to rising oil prices along with vigorous expansion of the housing and r eal estate markets and the country evidenced a standard growth of GDP over 7% per annum during 2000-2007; however, it has recorded 65% GDP growth in 2008 (WEF 4). At the seventy years back, the modern Emirates were different several states under Britain general treaty of peace while the nations were under control of two tribal groups, such as, Qawasim and Bani Yas; however, the people of that time lived on agricultural and pastoral along with robbing on the foreign ships. The overall economy of this region was very distressed until the oil resources were discovered and the traditional form of Arab monarchy continued until independence. Importance of the Factors of the Socioeconomic Development in UAE The Economist reported that the Arab world is under serious threats for Labialization and democracy, the wave of Arab Spring has been spreading out from one county to another, some of the Emirates are afraid with the growing violence and peoples movement, which may abolish the tradition al Arab monarchy in UAE replacing by democracy at any moment (The Economist 1). To mitigate such risk, the government of UAE necessitates introducing appropriate economic development policy, which would be capable to avoid social unrest and political violence. To formulate such a policy, it is essential for policymakers to take into account of the factors those contributed the country to be a most resourceful county in the world and to bring social development, analysis of that factors would assist the policymakers to generate new policy which would be acceptable to the mass people.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Factor behind the economic and social development of the UAE specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thus, it is essential to analyze the factors of social and economic development of UAE. Snapshots for Rest of the Essay The first cheaper of the paper has presented the background of the study while the second cha pter would present stages of economic development in UAE from the historical perspectives with a comparison with other Arab counties in this region. The third chapter would identify and analyze the four factors that generated economic and social development and the fourth chapter would draw conclusion for the study. Economic and Social Development of UAE Stages of development in the UAE From now to the seventy years back, UAE has evidenced different development stages, this paper would classify the stage into three phases, such as, colonial stage, independence and post independence stage and the third phase is global financial crisis and concurrent stage. Although, the country has historical perspectives of archaeological background from 5000 BC to 676 AD, era of Islamic Interference, Tribal society, and Trucial states development, but these historical stages are out of the area of present study and limited up to seventy years back. The development stages of last seventy years are a s- Colonial Stage: At seventy years back, during the British colonial rule, UAE evidenced the World War-II. Hellyer and Garey (2) pointed out that UAE and the Trucal states have great impact of World War-II, there were US and British military presence in this region while the region faced highly raise of food price, presence of foreign migrants, wartime trade barrier distressed the economy of the country (1). At the same time, due to presence of British political official and flights there were tremendous infrastructural development all over the region, flying base, radio communication were introduced, following the end of the war the country get the opportunity rethink about confederation and development of constitution. During this stage, most of the people lived on agriculture and pearl trade, although the first instance of oil discovery, British proclaimed to leave this territory in 1962 (Library of Congress 2). Independence and Post Independence Stage: Sadik (7) and Butt (2) m entioned that independence in 1971, contributed UAE to organize a federation of seven Emirates under a constitution different from the other Arab; moreover, exploration of oil performance started to encourage socioeconomic development of UAE by amplifying petroleum exports that boosted government revenues. As a result, the economy diversified by optimizing its capacities, export revenues overflowed it budget deficits and turned to promoting other manufacturing and service sector that generated huge demand for importing low cost labor from the south Asian counties for capital incentive industries. At the same time, the country has gained remarkable progress for human resource development and education expansion safeguarding the religion believes of society with Islamic morals. Global Financial Crisis and Concurrent Stage: Ellaboudy (1) pointed out that due to global financial crisis the liquidity and tight credit conditions, UAE started to more intensifying due to huge current accoun t surpluses had invested in foreign countries, a number of local banks was very much covetous due to overseas borrowing for large projects Dubai. In consideration of banking liabilities, the loan and deposit ratio of local banks amplified at 120% while the necessity of credit has boosted far above than local deposits rate and the situation turned vulnerable with negative real interest rates while wealth fund hold up with the strapping macroeconomic principles. Due to due to fall of oil price, the export revenue tremendously reduced and the economy faced serious downturn while most of the European and US countries have failed to overcome the crisis, UAE evidenced far better position due to its strong macroeconomic base and petroleum resources. On the other hand, the wave of Arab Spring has been threatening the monarchy of UAE that may lead the nation to introduce new policy that would be acceptable to the local incumbents with non-oil sector expansion and with increasing employment g rowth rate in UAE. What Historical Events during the Stages The Library of Congress identified that UAE is the most resourceful country in the Persian Gulf, which has become independent in 02 December 1971 from the British colonial rule following the British proclamation that it would withdraw treaty relationships from seven Gulf States that prevailed since 1892.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Britain considered it significant to establish its supremacy in this region as the East India Company had specific interest to safeguard its maritime routes, by making peace treaty with the major Sheikhs British established the region as a center for slave trade. Before independence, there were seven isolated Emirates with long historic background, for about a century the defense and foreign affairs were controlled by the Britain and following the independence United Arab Emirates was fashioned by the group of tribally structured Arabian Peninsula sheikhdoms at the northwestern coastline of the Gulf country Oman with an area of 83,600 square kilometers (1). KAMCO (3) added that the country recorded a steady economic growth while the value of GDP was US $ 105.6 billion in 2004 and turned into doubled US $ 254.4 billion by 2008 that evidenced 65% of GDP growth, beside oil sector, the government emphasized non-oil growth. Orozco (5) remarked that UAE faced a serious catastrophe by Sept ember 2008 following the global financial crisis stating with the historical fall of oil prices, stock market, property market, and banking systems seriously shocked along with drop in remittances and tourism as well fall of investments and of the real estate bubble in the gulf market. The natural resource of the county is a great blessing for the county to overcome the impact of global financial crisis, but as an integral part of international financial system, UAE still face the impact of global recessionary impact. The ongoing political situation has barely exposed the rulers of the wealthy country UAE are worried that they perceive an alarming danger for the fall of the regime; to mitigate such risk the government of UAE necessitates to introduce appropriate economic development policy which would be capable to avoid social unrest and political violence. Influence of historical events of UAE in Relation to Other Gulf Countries Mirkin (6) argued that UAE has common cultural with long historical accords and common religion alignment, same language, and tradition with GCC 1 and other Arab nations, but there are huge dissimilarity due to geopolitical and socioeconomic diversity, thus, there is no chance for UAE to influence others with its historical events. Rather, there are enough opportunities for UAE to be influenced by the concurrent events of other Arab nations, for instance, the concurrent wave of Arab Spring influenced one by one Egypt, Syria, Tunisia, and other Middle East countries are going to be influenced. No historical event of any Arab countries have no credible acceptance to the people for the reason that historical event connecting with religion has just encouraged strengthening tradition Arab Monarchy suppressing the people and their democratic right. Religion radicalism has no further appeal to the suppress people’s movement for democracy, Arab people want freedom of speech freedom of media, the historical even any economic allowance could not compromise the burning desire of democracy and there is no other alternative rather than democratization liberalization. Although, the demographic configuration of UAE has similar characteristics Factors behind UAE Economic and Social Development The United Arab Emirates Yearbook 2007 pointed out that remarkable economic and social development of UAE has generated by the contribution of several factors, devoid of those factors, the country may not capable to see the light of modern progress. The major factors that played vital role for socioeconomic development are the most dominant oil market, vigorous growth of public joint stock companies, gradual expansion of free-trade zones and floating local stock markets and state sponsored bulky new projects along with the good judgment of economic policies that established solid foundation for extraordinary economic and social development (UAE Govt 2) Four Factors of Development Among the different factors of economic and social development, this chapter of the paper would discuss only following four factors– Dominant Oil Market of UAE Chandra (1) mentioned that discovery of oil resources in 1962, UAE explored to place itself from poor to least developed country by 1970 and by 1990, it turned into a reach country with higher GDP growth that influence the incumbents regular life providing huge job opportunity. Strong reserve of oil, increasing oil price and diversified investment of oil income explored in the non-oil sector, before oil exploration, the people were very poor and dependent on pearl trade and agriculture. In 2000, UAE assessed as the fifth largest oil reserve of oil with 98.8 billion barrel oil and six trillion CM natural gas with a production capacity 2.1 to 2.4 million barrels and real estimated contribution to the GDP AED 328 billion with export revenue of AED 202 billion in 2005; thus, the contribution of oil market is unreliable. Free-Trade Zones Shimy (7) addressed that the WTO int roduced the free trade zone concept by keeping foreign companies out of national custom taxation and documentation; in real life evidence, there is a huge variety of generic free zones formed with different aim and objectives to accelerate overall economic activity of a county. Although, the legislation of GCC does not allow full foreign ownership, UAE is the pioneer in this region to offer 100% foreign owned companies and formed free zones that played the most important role for the success of economic diversification of the country that tremendously attracted FDI inflow. The free zones also contributed the county with boost of exports, job opportunity creation, foreign labor force import, modern technology transfer; and skill development of the human resource while forward and backward linkages local companies also explored with remarkable contribution to the GDP. Stock Markets of UAE Khedhiri and Muhammad (3) pointed out that there are two stock exchanges in UAE named DFM2 and AD SM3, which started their official journey in 2000 although there prevailed authority ESCA4 and they experienced wonderful growth from their beginning in terms of market capitalization and volume of listed companies and turned into the second largest stock market in GCC region. Greater than before oil revenue, diversification of financial activities and lower interest rates in UAE has seriously contributed to the exploration of stock market in the country the current exceptional growth of the stock market restructured the investment opportunities including foreign company’s enlistment, although total number of listed companies are not enough big. Public Joint Stock Companies In the economic and social development of UAE, Public Joint Stock Companies have kept tremendous contribution to accelerate the trade and commerce along with social mobility within the emirates, to form a PJSC5 the minimum requirement is an investment of AED 10 million by the entrepreneur members, for bank ing sector the required investment is AED 40 million (UHY 3). The PJSC would organize with at least ten sponsor members, 51% of the shares would be owned by the chairperson and directors from UAE nation, rest 49% could be shared by the foreign nations; this provision provided opportunity to come closer with foreigner where business interaction and communication bring them to exchange their views that ultimately influence for social motivation. Importance of the Factors The four factors for social and economic development has a great significance to raise a nation to be united to bring itself from the very poor to the extremely rich stage; moreover, these factors also flourished mass education and higher study and to face the challenge of globalization. At the same time, social motivation that flourished by the implication of the factors has turned the people to move for democracy. Impact of West Relationship to shaping the Factors Katzman (1) added that the foreign policy of UAE dem onstrates its gradually more aggressive alignment to the USA, and supporting all US policies in the Middle East including sanctions against Iran, indicates very weak foreign policy and creates misunderstanding with the neighboring countries. The relationship of UAE with the western countries has shaped in a position that the county that it does not bother to sacrifice both national and regional interest to continue its process for Americanization, but this strong accord with the USA may not protect the negative impact that already motivated towards western culture and democracy instead of Islamic monarchy. The extent of social motivation by the westerns has progressed to a certain level of people where people do not compromise for democracy with any financial incentives, religion values or economic development, they urge for freedom of speech in exchange for their life. Conclusion UAE is the most moderate Islamic country with traditional Arab monarchy that turned the country from a poor colonial rule to one of the richest Arab country based on strong oil economy that already diversified its economy towards non-oil sector. Economic and social development of UAE has strongly aligned with the oil reserves, free-trade zones, public joint stock companies, stock markets and these factors accelerated economic growth with smooth social progress, keep away from the ancient agriculture and pearl trade. Although, the country has strong historic, cultural, ethic alignment and language similarity, but there is influence of its historical events to the others, but the others have great influence on UAE in terms of democracy and freedom of speech. The quick shifting political situation may suggest for decartelization and liberalization without any violence. To mitigate social conflict and political unrest, it is essential to introduce new policy for decartelization and liberalization, which could contribute the country to generate further social and economic progress with ba lanced economic growth. The outcomes of this study would contribute the policymakers of UAE with a better understanding of the concurrent Arab world and would direct for appropriate solution. Butt, Gerald 1997, Oil and Gas in the UAE. PDF file. 20 March 2012. Chandra, Devam. Ontribution of Oil as Gas Industry in UAE. 2011. Web. Ellaboudy, Shereef. â€Å"The Global Financial Crisis: Economic Impact on GCC Countries and Policy Implications.† International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 41(1). 2010. Web. Hellyer, Peter. Garey, Laurence 2012, World War Two Plane Crashes in UAE. PDF file. 20 March 2012. adias-uae.com/publications/hellyergarey04.pdf Indexmundi. Country Profile of the UAE. 2012. Web. https://www.indexmundi.com/united_arab_emirates/. KAMCO 2011, Economic Brief and Outlook April 2011 of UAE. PDF file. Katzman, Kenneth 2011, The United Arab Emirates (UAE): Issues for U.S. Policy. PDF file. 20 March 2012. https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RS21852.pdf. Khedh iri, Sami. Muhammad Naeem 2008, â€Å"Empirical Analysis of the UAE Stock Market Volatility.† International Research Journal of Finance and Economics Issue, 15 (2008). Web. Library of Congress 2007, Country Profile: United Arab Emirates, PDF file. Mirkin, Barry 2010, Population Levels, Trends and Policies in the Arab Region: Challenges and Opportunities. PDF file. 20 March 2012. arab-hdr.org/publications/other/ahdrps/paper01-en.pdf. MOIA 2010, UAE: Country Brief with reference with its people. PDF file. Orozco, Olivia 2009, Impact of the Global Economic Crisis in Arab Countries: A First Assessment. PDF file. Sadik, Ali 1997, Evolution and Performance of the UAE Economy 1972–1998. PDF file. Shimy, Nermine 2008, From Free Zones to Special Economic Zones – The UAE Case Study. PDF file. 20 March 2012. oecd.org/mena/competitiveness//41613492.pdf. The Economist. No sheikh-up here: Tiny shoots from the Arab Spring get crushed. 2012. Web. https://www.economist.com/midd le-east-and-africa/2012/03/17/no-sheikh-up-here. UAE Govt 2007, United Arab Emirates Yearbook 2007. PDF file. UHY 2010, Doing Business in UAE 2010. PDF file. WEF 2007, United Arab Emirates and the World. PDF file. Footnotes 1 Gulf Cooperation Council 2 Dubai Financial Market 3 Abu Dhabi Stock Market 4 Emirates Securities and Commodities Authorities 5 Public Joint Stock Companies

Quads and Squads

Quads and Squads Quads and Squads Quads and Squads By Mark Nichol A family of words ultimately derived from the Latin noun quadrus, meaning â€Å"a square,† pertain one way or the other to the number four. Here are those words, more or less common in English usage, and their definitions. The most versatile, and most ubiquitous, of these terms is square, which refers to a shape with four equal sides and right angles; an area, structure, or formation in the shape of a square; a tool used to lay out or test right angles; the product of a number multiplied by itself; a conventional person; a meal as one of three traditional full meals served or eaten in the course of a day; an adjective meaning â€Å"fair† or â€Å"honest,† or â€Å"old-fashioned†; an adverb pertaining to those senses; and a verb meaning â€Å"cut square,† â€Å"regulate,† or â€Å"accord.† The other words, and their definitions, follow: escadrille: a unit of French aircraft equivalent to a squadron quadrangle: an enclosure surrounded by buildings, or the building itself, or an area represented by one of a set of maps (abbreviated quad); also, synonymous with quadrilateral quadrant: one quarter of a circle or other regular or nearly regular shape; also, a device for measuring altitude quadraphonic: pertaining to four channels of sound quadrat: a rectangular plot of land specified for study quadrate: square or almost square; a specific type of cross in heraldry; a bone in the skull of birds and lizards; an adjective meaning â€Å"square† or â€Å"nearly square†; also, another word for quadratus (see below) quadratic: referring to the use of squaring, or raising to the second power, in mathematics quadratus: any of various roughly quadrilateral muscles quadrennial: lasting four years or occurring every four years quadricentennial: a four-hundred-year anniversary quadriceps: a set of four leg muscles quadrifid: divided into four parts (said of leaves, for example) quadrilateral: a four-sided figure, including but not limited to squares and rectangles quadrille: a square dance or a music for the dance; also, an equestrian exhibition involving four riders or groups of riders quadrillion: the number represented with the numeral 1,000,000,000,000 quadripartite: consisting of four parts or shared by four parties quadriplegic: a person paralyzed in all four limbs quadrivium: the educational disciplines of arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music, which were taught after the trivium of grammar, logic, and rhetoric; the two groups constitute the classical seven liberal arts quadroon: a person who is one-fourth black quadruped: a four-legged animal quadruple: increased fourfold, or consisting of four components, or, as a noun, something that is quadruple quadruplet: one of four offspring born as a result of one pregnancy, or a combination of four of a kind quadruplex: consisting of four parts, such as a four-unit apartment building; also, a telegraphic system allowing two messages to be sent simultaneously in each direction quadruplicate: multiply by four, or consisting of four parts quod: British English slang for prison, perhaps from quadrangle, derived from the shape of a typical prison squad: a unit of military personnel or athletes, or a group of people with a specific task squadron: a unit of aircraft, of cavalry, or of navy vessels Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Redundant Phrases to Avoid45 Synonyms for â€Å"Old† and â€Å"Old-Fashioned†How to Address Your Elders, Your Doctor, Young Children... and Your CEO

Corporate Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Corporate Law - Assignment Example The minority shareholders are often acknowledged as institutional investors among different business entities who play a limited function in influencing the background of corporate governance construction. This is majorly due to the fact that the presence of the majority shareholders within a business firm owning the rights to partially control its decision making process often facilitates significant sources of conflicts affecting the interests of the minority shareholders. It is worth mentioning in this regard that the minority shareholders posses certain rights which may be accessible in accordance with any ‘state close corporation laws’. These rights generally include amending corporate by-laws, voting during the election of the directors and organizing as well as managing annual meetings related with the shareholders among others as mentioned in the articles of association and memorandum. It has often been observed that the minority shareholders or the institutional investors find it to be quite challenging to exercise the aforementioned rights in a smooth way witnessing minimum disruptions. This is simply because the majority shareholders tend to dominantly control the business operations as they bear large proportion or percentage of shares along with various decision-making rights concerning the corporate governance structure of the particular entity. As the majority shareholders possess a maximum quantity of shares, it has been viewed that the interests of minority shareholders are being oppressed by several means.

Using publicly available resources and other references compare and Essay

Using publicly available resources and other references compare and critically analyse the UK marketing strategies of Caffe Nero and Costa Coffee - Essay Example Costa Coffee which is the leading company has 1,770 outlets; Starbucks has 790 outlets while the third company, Caffe Nero has 560 outlets. The three remains the leading brands controlling 54% of the coffee market. One of the notable aspects that make the UK coffee shop market to be robust is the predictable nature of the coffee consumption pattern in the country. For example, Allegra Strategies definitive report indicated that one out of five coffee shop customer must visit the outlet every day. This makes the producers to adopt effective strategies aimed at creating strong positive consumer-brand relationship resulting to the expansion of the market. This paper aims at comparing and critically analyzing the UK marketing strategies of Caffe Nero and Costa Coffee. Caffe Nero is a European based company that is headquartered in London. Having being established by Gerry Ford in 1997, the coffee house has expanded its market as a way of increasing the number of customers and raising sales. Currently, Caffe Nero operates in UK, Cyprus, US, Ireland, Poland, UAE AND Turkey. One of the major aspects that make the company to remain competitive and face off Costa Coffee and other rivals in the UK market is product diversification. For example, in addition to traditional Espresso-based brands, Caffe Nero has introduced brands such as Frappe, Fruit Boosters, Hot Chocolate Milano, Latte, Caramelatte, White Chocolate and pasta salads among others. According to Mulhern (2009), for any company to have a competitive edge, it must invest in research and development as well as brand innovation. Caffe Nero has also adopted an effective marketing mix that takes into consideration the needs of the UK consumers. As noted earlier, Caffe Nero has significantly invested in various brands. With more than 20 types of brands, Hilton (2013) indicates that the company has been in a position to meet the needs of its customers. In addition, the strong brand name,